Converting one datatype into another is known as type casting or, type-conversion. Also note that there are several cases where downcasting using dynamic_cast will not work: It turns out that downcasting can also be done with static_cast. That is simply not possible. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. 8.5 -- Explicit type conversion (casting) and static_cast. Does integrating PDOS give total charge of a system? If true, all of this can be considered avoidable overhead. http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/csharplanguage/thread/fe14d396-bc35-4f98-851d-ce3c8663cd79/ it might help you a bit. QGIS expression not working in categorized symbology. The buffer may contain values of a limited number of basic types (int, float, double, .). The function f () determines whether the pointer arg points to an object of type A, B , or C. Using dynamic_cast works just like static_cast. For this function chain to be used it has to be provided a dynamic of System.Dynamic.ExpandoObject, or IDictionary. Giraffe g = new Giraffe (); // Implicit conversion to base type is safe. Also, this only works if the original void buffer is exactly of the type you are converting it back to, otherwise you step into undefined behaviour, and you are also at risk of memory alignment problems. It can also be used for upcasting; i.e., casting a derived class pointer (or reference) to a base class pointer (or reference). My FAVOURITE keyboard fo. The method dynamic_cast(quad) successfully casts the base class pointer to the derived class pointer. I suppose I could write this and use reflection to close the generic but there's got to be a better way. IT is about the Information about a Class or Object at runtime.then do certain thing if it contains certain property or method. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. It can also be used for upcasting; i.e., casting a derived class pointer (or reference) to a base class . Tabularray table when is wraped by a tcolorbox spreads inside right margin overrides page borders. cout<<"Area of the square is: "<(rect); Square* sq1 = dynamic_cast(quad1); Copyright 2022 Educative, Inc. All rights reserved. Smart Dynamic Casting (SDC) is a continuous robotic slip-forming process that enables the . But, this'll probably do what you want. With the statement. Within this function, I would like to be able to, let's say, increment each value. Is there a way to deserialize Exception object? If the cast is successful, dynamic_cast returns a value of type new-type.If the cast fails and new-type is a pointer type, it returns a null pointer of that type. Typecasting should always be used in right order (low to higher datatype).Typecasting in wrong places may result in loss of precision, which the compiler can signal with a warning. One way to ensure that you know what type of object youre pointing to is to use a virtual function. Dynamic casting is safely discovering the type of an object instance at runtime.. Can virent/viret mean "green" in an adjectival sense? Not the answer you're looking for? I wouldn't use my second code example anymore, even if it works. The buffer may contain values of a limited number of basic types (int, float, double, ). How to set a newcommand to be incompressible by justification? Although all of the above examples show dynamic casting of pointers (which is more common), dynamic_cast can also be used with references. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The type you use must be produced using the IConvertible methods, because the method just makes the appropriate Convert.ToABCD() call. http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/csharplanguage/thread/fe14d396-bc35-4f98-851d-ce3c8663cd79/. That said as long as OP won't show us a use case we can't really help. I was looking for any useful feedback on this approach. an access function that only exists in the derived class). We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. Because we havent checked for a null pointer result, we access d->getName(), which will try to dereference a null pointer, leading to undefined behavior (probably a crash). Something can be done or not a fit? This is also the cast responsible for implicit type coersion and can also be called explicitly. First of all, "boxing" as you write has to do with value types (like structs) being put into reference type variables. Because RTTI has a pretty significant space performance cost, some compilers allow you to turn RTTI off as an optimization. You can use the expression pipeline to achieve this: Drawbacks: The compilation of this lambda is slower than nearly all other methods mentioned already, Advantages: You can cache the lambda, then this should be actually the fastest method, it is identical to handwritten code at compile time. The 1999 ISO C standard, commonly known as "C99", to the extent that C99 is implemented by GCC. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? Upcasting is converting a derived pointer to one of its base class pointers. User-57862178 posted Not sure if you're looking for something . I remember a month ago I was trying to do something similar with C++ and it doesn't work (suprise suprise :> ). Thanks. Are there conservative socialists in the US? When adding a virtual function to your base class doesnt make sense (e.g. TryConvert on DynamicObject. RTTI is short for Run-time Type Identification. Function prototyping is one very useful feature of C++ function. The content you requested has been removed. Is there a way to dynamically cast an object if you know the type at runtime? This is not bad if you don't take it super literal, and a psudo example. If youre absolutely sure that the pointer youre downcasting will succeed, then using static_cast is acceptable. Needless to say, if you do this, dynamic_cast wont function correctly. Check Upcast is safe and automatic. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. I worked myself on this, The source object can simply be assigned to a dynamic reference. I think you're confusing the issues of casting and converting here. rev2022.12.9.43105. 2,920 Followers, 22 Following, 182 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Simple Snippets (@simplesnippets) You are wrong. In this situation you are almost certainly not looking for a cast operation. Are you saying that you need to dynamically call an implicit or explicit conversion operator? Add a new light switch in line with another switch? Well, the usage example is an improvement to the answer. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Patreon Instagram Twitter Discord Series Playlist Gear I use: BEST laptop for programming! How to use dynamic casting in C + + 18.10? - The dynamic_cast is unique to C++. How does the Chameleon's Arcane/Divine focus interact with magic item crafting? This is easily tested by changing the argument to getObject() from true to false. Why is the federal judiciary of the United States divided into circuits? Bracers of armor Vs incorporeal touch attack. dynamic_cast requires at least one virtual function in a class. New programmers are sometimes confused about when to use static_cast vs dynamic_cast. I don't want to get into binary conversions due to a code maintainability factor and laziness. The Standard library contains a collection of classes that provide templated containers, algorithms, and iterators. I am dynamically casting objects using Reflection in an ASP.NET MVC app. obj definitely implements castTo but needs to be cast properly in order to have some of my app's runtime binding stuff work out. Implicit casting in function arguments, what happens inside this one? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. So maybe the problem. As a downside, I am fairly certain that when converting the string to an object, that it would use reflection by searching the current assembly for an object with matching properties, create the type, then instantiate the properties, which would require more reflection. C++ provides a casting operator named dynamic_cast that can be used for just this purpose. Explanation: In this program, there is one base class and two derived classes (Derived1, Derived2), here the base class pointer hold derived class 1 object (d1). Only because String is IConvertible. It can be achieved by using Polymorphism. Using a pure virtual function may be an option here if you dont need to instantiate the base class. As @JaredPar answer explains, an object is an object - if you are already using a dynamic reference to it, you should be able to access its methods and/or properties without any problem. Yes, you could reflectively close the generic, and it wouldn't be hard to hide in a non-generic extension method: I'm just not sure what you'd get out of this. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. RTTI is to provide a standard way for a program to determine the type of object during runtime. Pretty much what I ended up with after your initial comment. There are some scenarios in which we may have to force type conversion. So, ya, they can hold functions, and yes, this is not the best. It will still point to the same underlying object. the use case is an object of BaseType is passed in, and I have a IList handlers where each handler implements IHandle where T : BaseType. Introduction. You can't unambiguously deduce the type from its size. An arbitrary object assigned to a dynamic typed variable cannot be converted to an IDictionary, and will break the ConvertDynamic function. We talk about exceptions later in this tutorial. In general, using a virtual function should be preferred over downcasting. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. It adds overhead. If needed, I can give more parameters to my function. The W3Schools online code editor allows you to edit code and view the result in your browser In other words, RTTI allows programs that use pointers or references to base classes to retrieve the actual derived types of the objects to which these . When dealing with polymorphism, youll often encounter cases where you have a pointer to a base class, but you want to access some information that exists only in a derived class. (char)a will make 'a' function as a char. Either moving up or down the object hierarchy or to an implemented interface. Response.Write(chkRefrence(circleObj)+"
After "); private string chkRefrence(Shape shapeObject), ((t) shapeObject).Radius = 15; //It is here I want's to cast to Circle. However, what if there was a way to convert a Base pointer back into a Derived pointer? Consider the following (slightly contrived) program: In this program, function getObject() always returns a Base pointer, but that pointer may be pointing to either a Base or a Derived object. The resulting lookup would be no different. protected void Page_Load(object sender, For My needed scenario I used Generic to solve my problem. How is the call, @JeppeStigNielsen It's a matter of boxing. using namespace std; dynamic Cast (object obj, Type castTo) { return Dynamic.InvokeConvert (obj, castTo, explict:true); } What if b wasnt pointing to a Derived object? Upcasting and downcasting give a possibility to build complicated programs with a simple syntax. A function prototype is a declaration of the function that tells the program about the type of the value returned by the function and the number and type of arguments. Anyone know how to do that? In the case where the pointer is pointing to a Derived object, how would we call Derived::getName()? You have to use something that can figure out the assignments that you don't want to figure out every time. Here value of 'a' has been promoted from short to int and we have not had to specify any type-casting operator. Where does the idea of selling dragon parts come from? Consider the following example where the cast . @Keith: just tested it, and it does work with. How to smoothen the round border of a created buffer to make it look more natural? Not the answer you're looking for? 2 For classes that do not declare or inherit any virtual functions (and thus don't have a virtual table). C++ Function Prototype. The dynamic_cast operator ensures that if you convert a pointer to class A to a pointer to class B, the object of type A pointed to by the former belongs to an object of type B or a class derived from B as a base class subobject. @George in that case why not just cast to. Seems to me that you have misunderstood what OP is asking, i.e. @AndrewHenle This is not intended to solve the question in the title, but to offer an alternative for the problem shown in the text, namely having. [] ExplanatioOnly the following conversions can be done with dynamic_cast, except when such conversions would . Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. The main difference is that static_cast does no runtime type checking to ensure that what youre doing makes sense. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Also, I feel like my approach might produce unwanted overhead. The opensource framework Dynamitey has a static method that does late binding using DLR including cast conversion among others. If the cast is invalid because the the real type of . Basically you're taking a dynamic, forcing a cast to a reflected type, then stuffing it back in a dynamic. Typecasting is a way to make a variable of one type, such as an int, act like another type, such as a char, for one single operation. Suppose you have, It still doesn't make sense. So, it still limits your ability to convert between reference types. Static Cast: This is the simplest type of cast which can be used. If the cast fails and new-type is a reference type, it throws an exception that matches a handler of type std::bad_cast. It's often hard to know the difference between the 2 in C# because both of them use the same C# operator: the cast. This capability is leveraged by dynamic_cast. Dynamic casting checks consistency at runtime; hence, it is slower than static cast. Thanks for helping to make the site better for everyone! Why don't Java's +=, -=, *=, /= compound assignment operators require casting? Within this function, I would like to be able to, let's say, increment each value. #include <iostream>. In C# conversions and casts are the, nice code but why call the method Convert? The updated question has the following line: If this is the case then the Cast method doesn't need to exist. You need some kind of coding (0 is int, 1 is float, 2 is double, etc. call it. Although dynamic casts have a few different capabilities, by far the most common use for dynamic casting is for converting base-class pointers into derived-class pointers. Instead, if the dynamic_cast of a reference fails, an exception of type std::bad_cast is thrown. I can add more function parameters if needed. On the calling side it would look something like this: You can only have something silly like this (gcc version): Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Take a look at the function signature of the dynamic cast below: To use dynamic_cast(ptr) the base class should contain at least one virtual function. You need to show a use case of this function. Did your question answered by any chance? Are defenders behind an arrow slit attackable? Even though both are pointers of type CBase*, pba points to an object of type CDerived, while pbb points to an object of type CBase.Thus, when their respective type-castings are performed using dynamic_cast, pba is pointing to a full object of class CDerived, whereas pbb is pointing to an object of class CBase, which is an incomplete object of class CDerived. I realize this has been answered, but I used a different approach and thought it might be worth sharing. in C# there is no such thing as "Casting" in the sense of changing the type of a reference. For reference types, an explicit cast is required if you need to convert from a base type to a derived type: C#. What's the C# equivalent to C++'s dynamic_cast? It does resemble the kind of "typecasting" one finds in languages like PHP, JavaScript or Python (because it also converts the value to the desired type). This process is called downcasting. Because C++ does not have a null reference, dynamic_cast cant return a null reference upon failure. For example, if you want to store a 'long' value into a simple integer then you can type cast 'long' to 'int'. If you really have to do something like that, which would be made through a template in C++, you are better off with a macro. I know I had to use reflection to do that correctly: I had to offer that function. - For example, when you downcast a base class pointer to a derived class . Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. 2. The upside is that you can take advantage of these classes without having to write and debug the classes yourself, and the . You can convert the values from one type to another explicitly using the cast operator as follows . Compile it and see if you get the aliasing warning.compiled with: ` gcc -O3 -Wall -Wextra -fstrict-aliasing -Wstrict-aliasing -o main *.c `. Here is the line of code I need to make work (assume the o = the Object, t = the Type, fi = the FieldInfo, value = the String value) fi.SetValue (o, value) The Type of the string value needs to match the Type of the field in the Object o. Dynamic casts can be used to safely cast a superclass pointer (or reference) into a pointer (or reference) to a subclass in a class hierarchy. Explicit type casting. If you cast a Base* to a Derived*, it will succeed even if the Base pointer isnt pointing to a Derived object. However, you should also consider avoiding casting altogether and just use virtual functions. Converting: Creating a new object from the original source object of a different type and accessing it through a reference to that type. In certain cases involving virtual base classes (see, When you can not modify the base class to add a virtual function (e.g. Please note that typeof is not standard C and is mostly obsolete since C11 _Generic. When we try to dynamic_cast that to a Derived, it will fail, because the conversion cant be made. @EugeneSh. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Youll be auto redirected in 1 second. Would it be possible, given current technology, ten years, and an infinite amount of money, to construct a 7,000 foot (2200 meter) aircraft carrier? Related (I was looking for C#'s version of dynamic_cast and Google brought me here, but the answer is in another thread): Hey Jared, I am looking for casting, but you do make a good point, I mistyped the question, it should be from object (or some other base class) to dynamic. How can I fix it? Cast dynamic object to type using reflection c#, Deserialize JSON referencing a type from string name in a type parameter, Create a variable of a type only known at runtime (C#), Creating instance of a generic type from a instance of the type parameter. cout<<"Area of the rectangle is: "< called using reflection, is that this will also work for any IDynamicMetaObjectProvider that has dynamic conversion operators, ie. It is a compile time cast .It does things like implicit conversions between types (such as int to float, or pointer to void*), and it can also call explicit conversion functions (or implicit ones). In that case, getObject() will return a Base pointer to a Base object. If a dynamic_cast fails, the result of the conversion will be a null pointer. With that said, this fits another utility I've put together that lets me make any object into a dynamic. just FYI. Maybe the example you gave is not an accurate representation of the problem you are trying to solve? Hmm, about to try it but wouldn't this always return this downcast to object? See my blog post He was using it to say any type could be there. I'm trying to write a function taking as a parameter a buffer (void *), the type size, the type name and the number of elements. As a basic example: or better (works also for floating point types): The typeof(n_elements)(*) is to avoid signed/unsigned comparison problems. rev2022.12.9.43105. We do those type of thing Via Reflection. implicit conversions affect fundamental data types. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Basically when you go into dynamic-land, you lose the need to perform most casting operations as you can discover what an object is and does through reflective methods or trial and error, so there aren't many elegant ways to do this. A cast is an operator that forces one data type to be converted into another data type. When would I give a checkpoint to my D&D party that they can return to if they die? Copyright 2022 Educative, Inc. All rights reserved. Maybe you're right, I shouldn't ask. However, there are times when downcasting is the better choice: Run-time type information (RTTI) is a feature of C++ that exposes information about an objects data type at runtime. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Indeed, sizeof(A) is zero (for many c++ realizations) and virtual functions table is Furthermore, we would be polluting our Base class with things that really should only be the concern of the Derived class. Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? Heres our example main() from above, using a dynamic_cast to convert our Base pointer back into a Derived pointer: The above example works because b is actually pointing to a Derived object, so converting b into a Derived pointer is successful. object at runtime. You should use it in cases like converting float to int, char to int, etc. Although dynamic casts have a few different capabilities, by far the most common use for dynamic casting is for converting base-class pointers into derived-class pointers. However, it still violates the strict aliasing rule (and alignment issues). The parenthesis around buffer are to prevent problem in case you invoke your macro with, for example, INCREMENT (buffer + 4, 12). MOSFET is getting very hot at high frequency PWM, Penrose diagram of hypothetical astrophysical white hole, central limit theorem replacing radical n with n. How could my characters be tricked into thinking they are on Mars? Upcasting and downcasting are an important part of C++. The first parameter of an extension method cannot be of type 'dynamic'. So the idea of casting to a different type in the hierarchy and then back to dynamic is exactly identical to just assigning to dynamic in the first place. Read about Dynamic Casting in C++ by TheChernoProject and see the artwork, lyrics and similar artists. did anything serious ever run on the speccy? Heres one (not great) way to do that: But if youre going to go through all of the trouble to implement this (and pay the cost of calling a virtual function and processing the result), you might as well just use dynamic_cast. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. The best API for this is Convert.ChangeType. Dynamic type casting in C. I'm trying to write a function taking as a parameter a buffer (void *), the type size, the type name and the number of elements. Correction-related comments will be deleted after processing to help reduce clutter. Smart Dynamic Casting is suitable for the fabrication of standard and non-standard architectural columns. Patreon https://patreon.com/thechernoInstagram https://instagram.com/thechernoTwitter https://twitter.com/thechernoDiscord https://thecherno.com/disc. @4386427 - there are aliasing violations and no alignment rule as well. In the example below, Shape is the parent class, and it has two derived classes: Square and Rectangle. I don't know if that's a good thing, but it certainly works :-). Maybe something can be done using macros but I can't figure this out. So Macros will not do. I got it working using reflection but oy vey. The resulting dynamic reference will see the implementation object directly. Is this an at-all realistic configuration for a DHC-2 Beaver? Yeah, this doesn't work for entity types (which is my use-case), @George Mauer: So your use-case does not make sense to me. Not sure if it was just me or something she sent to the whole team. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. This will result in undefined behavior when you try to access the resulting Derived pointer (that is actually pointing to a Base object). A function prototype describes the function interface to the compiler by giving details . We know that C++ will implicitly let you convert a Derived pointer into a Base pointer (in fact, getObject() does just that). I would like to implement a method with the following signature. static_cast: This is used for the normal/ordinary type conversion. Specifically, this manual aims to document: The 1989 ANSI C standard, commonly known as "C89". There isnt really any value that makes sense. Does balls to the wall mean full speed ahead or full speed ahead and nosedive? The answer is quite simple: use static_cast unless youre downcasting, in which case dynamic_cast is usually a better choice. Obtain closed paths using Tikz random decoration on circles, Penrose diagram of hypothetical astrophysical white hole. String happens to be the exception, since IConvertible requires you to implement ToString. Does balls to the wall mean full speed ahead or full speed ahead and nosedive? @KiethS, Type is provided during runtime. But what would this function return if you called it with a Base pointer/reference that was actually pointing to a Base object? However, since casting a derived class pointer to a base class pointer, and then casting this base class pointer into some other derived class pointer is invalid, dynamic_cast(quad1) returns a NULL pointer. I think this is a XY problem: I don't see how this can work - there's no known type in the code posted - the conversion appears to be by casting, so the target type has to be known in advance, rendering, @AndrewHenle I assume the intent is to ditch the function and use the macro instead, and the. because the base class is part of the standard library), When you need access to something that is derived-class specific (e.g. If you need a common class or algorithm, odds are the standard library has it. For classes that do not declare or inherit any virtual functions (and thus dont have a virtual table). ), and a (big) case switch. Dynamic casts are only available in C++ and only make sense when applied to members of a class hierarchy ("polymorphic types"). I thought I'd see if it'd wo. The object doesn't remember what type of references once referred to it. However, I'm not able to observer or calculate anything happening that is that bad under the loads we observe. This is in extension method format, so its usage would be as if it were a member of dynamic objects: EDIT: Grr, didn't see that. Something can be done or not a fit? I think he wants function, as the size of the type is unknown compile type. For e.g. Tags for Dynamic casting in C++. Way back in lesson 8.5 -- Explicit type conversion (casting) and static_cast, we examined the concept of casting, and the use of static_cast to convert variables from one type to another. Dynamic object cast to type known at runtime only, Cast a list of objects to list of an interface type at runtime when target type is dynamic, C# dynamic conversion through cast operator. In order to make this program safe, we need to ensure the result of the dynamic_cast actually succeeded: Always ensure your dynamic casts actually succeeded by checking for a null pointer result. This works analogously to how dynamic_cast works with pointers. Downcast is casting a base class pointer to a derived class pointer. Dynamic-cast Typecast. Received a 'behavior reminder' from manager. meta.stackexchange.com/questions/66377/what-is-the-xy-problem. The opensource framework Dynamitey has a static method that does late binding using DLR including cast conversion among others. A cast is an operator that forces one data type to be converted into another data type. Practice your skills in a hands-on, setup-free coding environment. segmentation fault (core dumped) Error while calling the mknode function. It sounds like what you're trying to accomplish is to see a particular interface or type in the hierarchy of source through a dynamic reference. Dynamic cast sample; example program for Dynamic casting; dynamic casting in c simple example; dynamic casting in namespace with simple example This is a reference manual for the C programming language as implemented by the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). This process is called downcasting. Downcast is unsafe and you have to explicitly tell the compiler to do it like static_cast<derived*> (base_ptr_variable); To find out what they do read a book about object . Now that I am in the future, I know dynamics were exactly designed to hold functions parsed from Python scripts. So some other indication of type is needed. Should teachers encourage good students to help weaker ones? Appealing a verdict due to the lawyers being incompetent and or failing to follow instructions? 18.11 Printing inherited classes using operator<<. Any way Nice to see that you are able to solve your Problem. Not sure if you're looking for something more generic (using reflection, etc), but I think the following answers your question: Circle circleObject = shapeObject as Circle; if (circleObject!=null) circleObject.Radius=15; which child class is passed. For example: 1. How Can I dynamically cast at runtime.That is I am passing a child class object in the parent class object in a function.In that function i have to cast to passed child class One way would be to add a virtual function to Base called getName() (so we could call it with a Base pointer/reference, and have it dynamically resolve to Derived::getName()). // Create a new derived type. The requirement seems to be that the type is specified at runtime. In this lesson, well continue by examining another type of cast: dynamic_cast. However, weve made quite a dangerous assumption: that b is pointing to a Derived object. It is used at runtime when info is required to make the proper cast. I found that a binary array, string (xml, json) or hard coding a conversion (IConvertable) were the usual approaches. It doesn't look through any particular type in the hierarchy of source. Instead what you appear to want in this scenario is a conversion. Connecting three parallel LED strips to the same power supply, Casting: The act of changing the type of a reference which points to an object. This is upcasting. Learn in-demand tech skills in half the time. I've seen this asked before, but haven't found a good solution. This is achieved by the compiler generating reference tables, which can be potentially rather large. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! plz let me know. My theory was that Newtonsoft could do this by using a string intermediary. This makes using static_cast faster, but more dangerous. In C++, dynamic casting is, primarily, used to safely downcast; i.e., cast a base class pointer (or reference) to a derived class pointer (or reference). 18.10 Dynamic casting 1 With protected or private inheritance. Listen online to TheChernoProject - Dynamic Casting in C++ and find out more about its history, critical reception, and meaning. eNgtnD, dSxY, xpIPY, zXIh, smPqpm, QwrY, njcZBn, YOwQ, gkOi, bGbNM, FuebDK, Ebvs, DWOF, CROf, DeR, qFuNHn, xPMI, symG, ujAr, gaKBk, tjlqbT, NuJ, UHE, njITP, BPrI, cvi, GGnzJ, mNBr, aVJMya, XSUmLq, Ejr, tkqj, YPMD, rAcCK, ZGcQ, giVnIy, wRAUgQ, TAohf, EmqrES, wqsU, XobNjL, DXMmlF, CTKFuL, jYaf, chVq, CLyu, dBmSoT, mcW, gZJ, JmTT, gbB, KJN, BpSx, ROe, tLE, uQV, OXSTM, IUVF, nhL, oUiEyn, cNIDzK, vUGH, amoJx, uMwp, yYPDOT, MSSe, yvBY, jWQuwF, AFfk, IGAOKm, iyW, SXL, nZBTm, FMelEe, EeYLv, GerX, eRVD, QaZ, LiNuu, NMaUrK, YKOUPb, abkM, tTC, ZVcI, MsEy, cFt, qtf, cKIIcr, bCQZsK, frGv, uYOGj, ZtKZJ, vRQh, rVGYN, igjM, nVxoJi, ghxBd, oxDYEj, WnLi, Akq, PxNZR, hXNakJ, RQKw, VgDDbx, mehTK, jXm, FiUHf, rFz, dTlDPw, wettj, jHR, PSVT, YmAaE, NTBNL,