You can't delete a byte from an array any more than you can delete the number 12 from the integers. A volume can be accessed concurrently by different operations. As we know, C++ does not impose structure on a file; if we want to use random access to files, we must create them programmatically using tools provided by the files and streams library. What is random access file in C? I want to read a binary file in C such that I read a particular number of bytes from a particular location in the file (random access). Years ago, data was stored on large reels of computer tape. The fseek () function moves the file . It is easy to calculate the size of a record from a filed length structure. Random access simply means the ability to read and write anywhere in the file, as opposed to sequential access where data is simply appended to the end of the file and is accessed by traversing . 2022 TechnologyAdvice. Random Access. Show them you're awesome. The principle is straightforward: There's an index file and a data file. There are four different types of file Data files Text files Program files Directory files Different types of file store different types of information We also learned that there are two types of files: binary . fseek/fsetpos - move a file pointer to somewhere in a file. In a sequential file, information is accessed in a chronological order whereas the random access provides instant fetching of a record and that too can in any order or no order at all. Sr.No. Introduction to Arrays: Declaration, Initialization - One dimensional array - Example Program: Computing Mean, Median and Mode - Two dimensional arrays - Example Program: Matrix Operations (Addition, Scaling, Determinant and Transpose) - String operations: length, compare . Advertise with TechnologyAdvice on CodeGuru and our other developer-focused platforms. Note that instead of using the insertion operator to store the integer id of the PhoneBook as follows: we have cast the number into a character because a 4-byte integer may contain as many as 11 digits (10 digits + a sign byte). All rights reserved. Similarly, the istream read function is used to read a fixed number of bytes from the specified stream, which is a file in this case. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. An open () function for fstream or ofstream object can be used to open a file for writing and ifstream object is used to open a file for reading. Can you clean it up further? 7 min read, while (br.BaseStream.Position != br.BaseStream.Length), GC.SuppressFinalize(this); // Prevent Dispose() from being called Twice, protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing), using (var br = new BinaryReader(fs, Encoding.UTF8,true)). But, as we write: it stores a binary version of the integer, which is 4 bytes (on a machine that represents 4-bytes as an integer). Write a C++ Program to Read Write Student Details using File Handling. In C++'s I/O system, you perform random access using the seekg () and seekp () functions. Here I have written code for finding the train number and details of it Using C++ program. This project is based on Random access in File Handling to enter users data in random and to search them. Data can be inserted into a random-access file without destroying other data in the file. The following program represents a minimal implementation of the idea and is unoptimized and elaborate to make the code mostly self-explanatory. That survey asked 323 respondents in North America and EMEA (Europe, the Middle East and Africa) about their use of cloud-based file-sharing, email and productivity software. This is my View method. Was the ZX Spectrum used for number crunching? As a result, the write function outputs a number of bytes. putc () - writes a character to a file. The get file-position pointer determines the location in the file to read from. ftell ( ) rewind ( ) fseek ( ) ftell ( ) It returns the current position of the file ptr. Error-Prevention Tip 17.1. In random access, we must implement the capability to locate a record immediately. We can exactly locate a record in the file by calculating the size of the object from beginning of the file (see Figure 1). It implements CRUD like-operation, such as adding new a PhoneBook record, updating the phone number of the existing record, and deleting a record. Answer (1 of 2): Basically, nothing. Description. Why would Henry want to close the breach? It is a simple class without any information about file operation. Over half of respondents state theyre usin, [caption id="attachment_5057" align="aligncenter" width="500"] A solid text-analysis software platform can mine insight from a lot of different things, but not a stack of actual paper. Reading from the file. How those bytes are treated can make a difference. Yes, you're right, otherwise how else standard libraries could be written? Site design / logo 2022 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. fseek (fptr, N, 0) This will take us to (N + 1)th bytes in the file. This is typical of any transaction system, be it banking, ticket reservation, and so forth. There are two predefined functions in C language to provide random access in files: fseek() ftell() 1. fseek() fseek() function can be used to take file pointer to a particular position inside a file. Declare a stream variable name: View cestrellaseatworkno1_2.docs.docx from BSIT 201210068 at Cavite State University Main Campus (Don Severino de las Alas) Indang. Comparing random access and sequential access disk devices. This is often referred to as random access of files. Do you need your, CodeProject, How does legislative oversight work in Switzerland when there is technically no "opposition" in parliament? How to make voltage plus/minus signs bolder? The file will be opened in the out mode for writing into it. How To Search A Record In Binary File? In your case, the position is sizeof (e) * (id - 1) from the beginning ( SEEK_SET ). So I'm working on a program that inserts 5 numbers in between two numbers of a file that has 9999 random numbers already in it. The converts the object into a collection of bytes to be output in a file. While you could do that, the term random access refers to file access that isn't sequential. But what does that mean for us? Mode & Description; 1: r. Opens an existing text file for reading purpose. Sends the file pointer from 0 to 0 that is the first record. UNIT II ARRAYS AND STRINGS CS8251 PROGRAMMING IN C Notes. You can access a file in random order. +1 (416) 849-8900. Other examples for valid switch expressions: switch(2+3), switch(9*16%2), switch(a), switch(a-b) etc. Answer: If the amount of data stored in a file is fairly large, the use of random access will allow you to search through it quicker. If end-of-file is reached before the desired number of byte has been read than EOFException is thrown. In a random-access system, you can jump directly to point Z. Help us identify new roles for community members, Proposing a Community-Specific Closure Reason for non-English content. Steps to create (or write to) a sequential access file: 1. PSE Advent Calendar 2022 (Day 11): The other side of Christmas, If he had met some scary fish, he would immediately return to the surface. Provide an answer or move on to the next question. In much the same way and for the same reason, we have cast the object of the PhoneBook class as a stream of bytes with both read and write operations. // Writing data randomly to a random-access file #include <stdio.h> // clientData structure definition struct clientData { unsigned int . This means position to the id th record ( sizeof (e)) in your file. Zorn's lemma: old friend or historical relic? But mixed in with that good information is quite a bit of useless material, which can make the process of analysis that much more difficult. fread - read from a file. C++ ofstream doesn't write expected numbers into file. Then deleting a record was as simple as setting the "deleted" flag to some particular code indicating the record was deleted. public UInt32 offset { get; set; } Three types of function exist which allow the file position indicator to be examined . Open a File with open function. Both classes allow reading and writing a file By implementing a random-access mechanism, we can insert, update, and delete previously stored data in a file. TechnologyAdvice does not include all companies or all types of products available in the marketplace. Why it is not locating the specific Record? Don't tell someone to read the manual. That's pretty much what you have to do. May 12, 2020. fclose () - close a file. java.nio.channels.FileChannel and java.io.RandomAccessFile classes: . But the control are passed to showall method. fwrite - write to a file. Java.io.RandomAccessFile Class provides a way to random access files using reading and writing operations. An application can be created to access file information in a random fashion. In addition to tutorials and how-tos that teach programmers how to code in Microsoft-related languages and frameworks like C# and .Net, we also publish articles on software development tools, the latest in developer news, and advice for project managers. Source code Random access in file handling.docx. Here, the stream is associated with a file. Click to read full answer. For example, seekg sets the position of the next character to be extracted from the input stream and seekp sets the position of the next character to be inserted into the output stream. fstream::seekg. void readRecords (RandomAccessFile& file, int numRecords, HeapBlock <Record> const& records, std::int64_t seedValue . If it does not exist, then a new file is created. *file_name is the name of the file. Here are more portable ways of doing it: Thanks for the suggestions, but I specifically want to use win32 APIs since I am working on an already working project which uses those functions, and I do not want to change the whole thing and write it from scratch. As we know, C++ does not impose structure on a file; if we want to use random access to files, we must create them programmatically using tools provided by the files and streams library. The opposite of random access is sequential access. The file can also be opened using the open () function. Random-access file is a term used to describe a file or set of files that are accessed directly instead of requiring that other files be read first. Thank You so much !! Neither fwrite nor write work in my C++ program. That system is over 30 years old, and while its been updated over time its old. Declaration : public class RandomAccessFile extends Object implements DataOutput, DataInput, Closeable. thanks for yr help !! The idea of opening the file in binary mode is that it is ideal for writing fixed-length records. In our example, we have used reinterpret_cast to convert a pointer to PhoneBook to a const char *. All that data can also create an intimidating signal-to-noise ratio: sure, you can view a weeks worth of Twitter and Facebook feeds via a customized dashboard, and perform a sentiment analysis to see how those Tweets and postings collectively feel about your latest product. A problem with HFS+ (aside from being old) was its tendency to duplicate files a, Employees of small and midsized businesses (SMBs) are turning to cloud-based file-sharing services such as Dropbox, and their employers are letting it happenbut not without some significant concerns. why? Updated on: May 24, 2021. Summary. Random access means you can move to any part of a file and read or write data from it without having to read through the entire file. Sends the file pointer from 0 to 56 that is the third record. So the condition you are checking will never runs. You can use any other name you like. The file position indicator is moved without the need for a read or a write, and indicates the byte to be the subject of the next operation on the file. Sign up for a free Dice profile, add your resume, discover great career insights and set your tech career in motion. 20 Bay Street, 11th Floor Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5J 2N8 In C++, the reinterpret_cast operator is used to cast a pointer of one type to an unrelated pointer type. Join our community below for all the latest videos and tutorials!Website - https://thenewboston.com/Discord - https://discord.gg/thenewbostonGitHub - https:/. Aug 7, 2014 This article shows how we operate randomly yet consistently by using a simple file structure supported by C++ and using appropriate code examples. Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! There are many techniques to achieve this, and the simplest one is to have a fixed length record. 3. There are many ways we can process a file. ftell () is used to find the position of the file pointer from the starting of the file. Two functions are available: istream: seekg () (or seek and get) ostream: seekp . Disks are random access media, whereas . A file is a package of data having a size, owner and creation date, and it can take many forms. Space allocation and tracking by blocks uses more database storage space, and requires more processing power than space allocation and tracking by volume. Why its not reading the specific Record?enter code here, fstream::seekgreturns a fstream reference, will never be equal 0. Use an if statement to check whether the file has not been opened. again one question? Here's simple Program to Read Write Student Details using File Handling in C++ Programming Language. Programming Random Access File I/O in C. D3Damon/Getty Images. Implementing a random file access is a challenge, but it can be accomplished by using C++ file processing functions. A mode containing both "+" and "b" may have them in either order. Opening an existing file. That's because a random-access file consists of an array of bytes on a disk. The Top Task Management Software for Developers, Creating a CD Player in C#, Part 2: The CD Functions, Online Courses to Learn Video Game Development. While running this i got the below output, Now i want to search specific record. This content, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL). Random-access file-processing programs rarely write a single field to a file. A random access file behaves like a large array of bytes. Why does Cauchy's equation for refractive index contain only even power terms? Hi i could not specific Record from my binary file. This article tried to put in a simple manner how to work with the sequential file structure in C++. email is in use. If a question is poorly phrased then either ask for clarification, ignore it, or. Table 1. The following code implements a random access mechanism. Exchange operator with position and momentum. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Analyzing all that information is a daunting task, to say the least, even for companies with the latest analytics platforms and the most highly-caffeinated data scientists. With random access to files, we can instantly retrieve and manipulate fixed-length records. "rb" - Open for reading in binary mode. The new file system isnt optional, either. *mode is the mode in which we want to open our file. By CodeGuru Staff. End of the body of the if statement. This is the method to list out all records. the second record is at sizeof (e) * (2 - 1 . Their most common forms are shown here: istream &seekg (off_type offset, seekdir origin); ostream &seekp (off_type offset, seekdir origin); Here, off_type is an integer type defined by ios that is capable of . (A file pointer in this context is not like a C++ pointer but it works like a book-mark in a book. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. by A collection of data or information that are stored on a computer known as file A file is a collection of bytes stored on a secondary storage device. The content must be between 30 and 50000 characters. Below is the source code for We do not currently allow content pasted from ChatGPT on Stack Overflow; read our policy here. fseek moves the file position to a new location. The <fstream> library contains numerous methods to handle data processing using flat files. what is random access file in c. Facebook; Prev Article . Cloud services such as Microsoft Azure and database options including SQL Server and MSSQL are also frequently covered. Sequential files have simple organization, modify easily with text editors and are handy for exporting data between programs. Developed by www.futureforyou.net & www.eshikshak.co.in 2. " (n-1)*sizeof (var)" is to send . How can I get the list of files in a directory using C or C++? getc () - reads a character from a file. Contrary to some C textbooks, "t" is not legal in an ISO C mode string.. fseek (fptr, 0, 2) This will take us to the end of the file. SAS is trying to cut through all that noise with its enhanced version of SAS Text Miner for te, Blocking Queues Beat Lists in Multithreaded Code. Disconnect vertical tab connector from PCB. This conversion preserves existing data on your device. 2. Random accessing of files in C language can be done with the help of the following functions . These are the top rated real world C++ (Cpp) examples of RandomAccessFile extracted from open source projects. Note: Random or direct access can be performed only on binary files. A computer stores information to its hard drive as an object called a file. Direct access, Hardware terms, Sequential file. For this we will first create a FILE pointer and create a file by the name integers. Data stored previously also can be updated or deleted without rewriting the entire file. If the file is opened successfully fopen ( ) loads it into memory and sets up a pointer which points to the first character in it. Computer hard drives access files directly, where tape drives commonly access files sequentially. The file manipulation functions, such as seekg and seekp, are used to position the get file-pointer and put the file-pointer in a strategic location within the file, respectively. Random access refers to the ability to access data at random. The most common type is the sequential access file. To control this, the Random Access functions allow control over the implied read/write position in the file. A random-access file is like a railroad train with many same-size carssome empty and some with contents. Does illicit payments qualify as transaction costs? Thats the finding of a new survey by Spiceworks, which offers a social-business platform for IT, and EMC. CRUD operations are implemented along with the main function, and represent the crux of the random-access mechanism represented by the application. http://cplus.about.com/od/learningc/ss/files.htm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Template_Library, http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/iostream/fstream/, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365541(v=VS.85).aspx, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365542(v=VS.85).aspx. Copyright 1990 - 2022 Dice. Random access to files Records can be located in any order Also called direct access or instant access files A pointer has to be set prior to reading/writing a record . fseek (fptr, 0, 0) This will take us to the beginning of the file. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. But if i again give 'L' means, it doesn't listing any thing? So, printf("2+3 makes 5") is executed and then followed by break; which brings the control out of the switch statement. This operator performs at compile time and requests the compiler to reinterpret the operand as a target type declared in the angular brackets. My work as a freelance was used in a scientific paper, should I be included as an author? Hello, This might be a very basic question, but I could not find much. File opening modes in C: "r" - Searches file. It uses the combination of fseek and fwrite to store data at specific locations in the file. The only way to physically remove the record from the file is to copy all the records you want to keep to another file. N. Is Kris Kringle from Miracle on 34th Street meant to be the real Santa? Every file maintains two pointers called get_pointer (in input mode file) and put_pointer (in output mode file) which tells the current position in the file where reading or writing will takes place. But it doesn't enter into read statement. ). The put file-position pointer decides the location of where to write the data. In and index file, you store the byte offset from the beginning of the file for the beginning of each line. The only way to get to a point on the tape was by reading all the way through the tape. Better way to check if an element only exists in one array. Text to print on the console if the file is not opened. CodeGuru covers topics related to Microsoft-related software development, mobile development, database management, and web application programming. The basic syntax of opening a file is: *fpointer = FILE *fopen (const char *file_name, const char *mode); Here, *fpointer is the pointer to the file that establishes a connection between the file and the program. Why was USB 1.0 incredibly slow even for its time? After that we can use the getw () function to read the file data till we hit the . Herein, what is random access file explain with example? You can rate examples to help us improve the quality of examples. Use of this site is subject to certainTerms and Conditions. Vaigai Express , 020203 , Madurai , Chennai , 25/02/2021 , 09.15, Jan Shadabthi Express, 020204 , Coimbatore , Mayiladuthurai , 26/02/2021 , 03.45, Rockfort Express , 020205 , Trichy , Chennai , 27/02/2021 , 10.45, Tejas Express , 020206 , Madurai , Chennai , 28/02/2021 , 05.15, Submitted by Srivenurajulu G (Srivenurajulu), Download packets of source code on Coders Packet, Coders [emailprotected] - coderspacket.com, Source code Random access in file handling.docx, Tic-tac-toe game using basic HTML, CSS and JavaScript, Character Limit Indicator using HTML, CSS and JavaScript, Simplest Nginx configuration file for Reverse Proxy. It really means that you aren't at the beginning or the end. A file is a sequence of bytes. When -1 is entered we terminate the reading and close the file. In this regard, what is random access file in C? In file systems where the end of line convention is a single \n character (whether \n is mapped to LF, to CR, to NEL, or to some other control character), there is no distinction between text and binary mode. The object in the memory is treated as a const char *; in other words, a pointer to a byte. There is a cursor implied to the array called file pointer, by moving the cursor we do the read write operations. However, as with any software update, it is recommended that you create a backup of your device before updating. Stack Overflow for Teams is moving to its own domain! rewind () is used to move the file pointer to the beginning of the file. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. By using the library, more complex operation on files can be handled efficiently. In case you are wondering, the g stands for "get" and the p for "put". Figure 1: Order of access of sequential vs random. Where are visual basic Random Access Files stored? Search how to read a random-access file in C. Explain the This is one of the techniques to manipulate persistent data. [caption id="attachment_139520" align="aligncenter" width="2989"] Apple Platforms[/caption] Apples new file system, APFS, is coming to iPhones much sooner than expected. Let us see an example to get more clarity. fseek (fptr, N, 1) This will take us N bytes forward from the current position in the file. I tried to format the input, I don't think I managed. To go from point A to point Z in a sequential-access system, you must pass through all intervening points. After running this method , i got below result. You make a specific instance of your record (say all the strings begin with \0) which means 'deleted record' and then code around it. Not the answer you're looking for? I've used UInt32 (0-4GB). File handling in C enables us to create, update, read, and delete the files stored on the local file system through our C program. Well implement the following operations: The PhoneBook class represents a record stored in a file. I suppose they could have called it dynamic file access, but I was only 8-years-old when computer scientists developed these concepts, so my input would not have been welcome. spelling and grammar. We can treat a flat file model almost like a database, although not an efficient one. Normally, they write one object of a class at a time, as we show in the following examples. You don't have to use Windows API for random file access. But, note that C++ does not impose any structure on a file. Why is an fstream truncated when it is opened with the flags ios::ate and ios::out? [sizeof(PhoneBook) = 36 bytes]. Random File Access in C Random file access means that you can take the file pointer to any part of the file for reading or writing. To output objects, we must convert them to the type const char *; otherwise, the compile will not compile calls to the write function. fptr=fopen ("d://sfile.dat","rb"); If the file has been opened successfully, we will use a while loop to read file one record at a time until EOF is reached. You are re-opening the file, why?. Explanation: The switch(2+3) is evaluated and the integral value obtained is 5, which is then compared one by one with case labels and a matching label is found at case 5:. All Rights Reserved Refer to the C++ documentation for details on many such file manipulation functions. There must be way to achieve this in Win32, right? rev2022.12.11.43106. Where does the idea of selling dragon parts come from? With a beta release of iOS 10.3, Apple is changing how its storage works. When you then read from that stream, it will retrieve the contents at that location. Check your email for updates. In the switch statement if i give 'L' to list out, The first time its listing all. Here I have written code for finding the train number and details of it Using C++ program. In the release notes for iOS 10.3 beta, Apple encourages backups lest you want to lose data: When you update to iOS 10.3, your iOS device will update its file system to Apple File System (APFS). Use the open () function to create a new file named my_file.txt. Figure 17.9. The open () function is a member of ifstream, ofstream, and fstream objects. We do not need to rewrite the entire file and operate upon a particular record like a database. What happens if the permanent enchanted by Song of the Dryads gets copied? Implementing a random file access is a challenge, but it can be accomplished by using C++ file processing functions. Property of TechnologyAdvice. correct !! // Read the records and verify the consistency. Chances are they have and don't get it. A random access file lets you jump directly to the target address where data is located. Random file access is done by manipulating the file pointer using either seekg () function (for input) and seekp () function (for output). David Bolton If you re-open the file, the failbit flag is set so, access you made after is incorrect. Then we will use the putw () function to write the integer number in the file. When the migration is complete, you will access your Teams at stackoverflowteams.com, and they will no longer appear in the left sidebar on stackoverflow.com.. I gave RecNo 5 to search. 2: w. Opens a text file for writing. Random file access isn't about generating a random value and then reading at that position in the file. Upload your resume. The following operations can be performed on a file. File handling in c 1. The ostream write function is used to write fixed number of bytes to a specified stream. This means that the object of this class is not aware of its persistence in a binary file. Advertiser Disclosure: Some of the products that appear on this site are from companies from which TechnologyAdvice receives compensation. It works like an array of byte storted in the File. Of the three cloud applications, file-sharing took the most with 52 percent of respondents currently relying on a cloud-based platform, and another 9 percent planning to adopt one within the next six months. Why are #ifndef and #define used in C++ header files? We have to enter certain values here like train name, train no, starting place , ending place, date and time. The index file is made up of n index records where n is the number of strings to be stored. Each index record consists of two fields and is held in an instance of type IndexRecord. In C, we use a structure pointer of a file type to declare a file: FILE *fp; C provides a number of build-in function to perform basic file operations: fopen () - create a new file or open a existing file. I would not recommend it because is is proprietary and does not give you any benefits over standard C/C++ libraries. Sends the file pointer from 0 to 28 that is the second record. If the file cannot be opened fopen ( ) returns NULL. Example #2. Note that in the program processing a random-access to a file, the read/write operation does not read/write a single field to a file; rather, they read/write the objects of a class as a sequence of bytes to and from the file. C++ File Pointers and Random Access. Some 42 of those respondents used cloud-based email services, with another 6 percent planning to jump from on-premises within the next six months; around 14 percent used cloud-based productivity services, with 6 percent planning to jump within the next six months. The basic file operations are: fopen - open a file- specify how it's opened (read/write) and type (binary/text) fclose - close an opened file. fs.Seek(record.offset, SeekOrigin.Begin); Upload Your ResumeEmployers want candidates like you. When we have a given roll number to start search with, we will open the binary file in read mode: /*open binary file in read mode*/. :-), This f1. The problem is that my program doesn't seem to insert anything into the file. Creation of the new file. what is random access file in c. Uncategorized. This compensation may impact how and where products appear on this site including, for example, the order in which they appear. Hi gang! Ready to optimize your JavaScript with Rust? C++ view of a random-access file. If the file does not exist, fopen ( ) returns NULL. Why do quantum objects slow down when volume increases? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Understand that English isn't everyone's first language so be lenient of bad In general, with small files, we access the files sequentially. How to search and display content from a random access file? For some types of streams, seekg () (changing the read position) and seekp () (changing the write position) operate . For that, you still need a human being. Random access means you can move to any part of a file and read or write data from it without having to read through the entire file. This project is based on Random access in File Handling to enter users data in random and to search them. Random access file in C enables us to read or write any data in our disk file without reading or writing every piece of data before it. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Mr. N. S. Gajjam,Assistant Professor, Computer Science and Engineering Department,Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur, Maharashtra Random File Access in C. In the previous lessons, we learned how to open a file, close a file, read from a file, and write to a file. In one instance, you scan a sequence of bytes to locate newlines. Does aliquot matter for final concentration? As a result, an application that wants to implement random-access files must begin from scratch. In sequential access, we access the file record by record or character by character. 1 Answer. [/caption] Every day, progressively more data floods into organizations around the world. Function fseek sets the file position pointer to a specific position in the file, then fwrite writes the data. APFS (acronymous for Apple File System; no, we dont know where the rogue P comes from, either) offers an upgrade over the existing standard, HFS+. but how can i check whether the file is written or not? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. It is easy to use reinterpret_cast to perform dangerous manipulations that could lead to serious execution-time errors. If it had been a sequential access file, you would have to go through one record at a time until you reach the target data. 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