The education of women and girls is important connection to the alleviation of poverty. In addition to these skills, girls would often be given reproductive education, such as birth control techniques or child rearing skills. The same is true if the solution is presented to the thinker in a sudden flash of insight and accepted straight away. In terms of a contemporary view, health education in its modern form started to come into existence around the 1970s, with the creation of the President's Committee on Health Education. Without these factors, it may lead to negative results. Women's education, unlike in the subsequent periods was not neglected. [4][103][104], An often-cited thought experiment in favor of the existence of a distinctive cognitive phenomenology involves two persons listening to a radio broadcast in French, one who understands French and the other who does not. Same subject as 21A.509[J]Prereq: None Acad Year 2022-2023: Not offered Female scholars were also present during this period. We serve global communities of scholars, researchers, and teachers by publishing scholarship and research in subject areas across the arts & humanities, law, medicine & health, science & mathematics, and social sciences. Includes gathering materials, preparing draft chapters, giving an oral presentation of thesis progress to faculty evaluators early in the term, and writing and revising the final text. It was an incentive to reach out to the girls who the SSA was not able to reach through other schemes. One, there is concern for women being alienated from their indigenous cultures and not receiving the education in values that were typically received through pre-colonial indigenous educational systems. [44] But such an association does not guarantee that the connection is meaningful or rational. [146][140][142][141] Counterfactual thinking, therefore, plays a central role in thought experiments. Explores the organization and role of energy and medical science R&D agencies, as well as gaps in those innovation systems. It had its foundations in the Gestalt psychology of Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Khler, and Kurt Koffka,[119] and in the work of Jean Piaget, who provided a theory of stages/phases that describes children's cognitive development. Metaphysics is, among other things, interested in the relation between mind and matter. Same subject as 16.445[J]Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Fall) Instead, it is claimed that thinking just is a form of computation or that the mind is a Turing machine. Prereq: None U (Spring)3-0-9 units. Her first book was Thoughts on the Education of Daughters, years before the publication of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Around 1800, girls' middle-secondary schools begun to appear, and become more common during the 19th century. Moreover, more education increases likelihood to remain single, have no children, or have no formal marriage while increasing levels of long-term partnerships. However, the contents did not necessarily have to be solely negative. The Princess: A Medley, a narrative poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, is a satire of women's education, still a controversial subject in 1848, when Queen's College first opened in London. In Character Strengths and Virtues, Peterson and Seligman list a series of positive characteristics. Same subject as 21H.205[J] Explores the relationship between technology and conversation, with an emphasis on conversation in our digital age when so many say they would rather text than talk. Mary Wollstonecraft, who worked as a teacher, governess, and school-owner, wrote of it in those terms. [158] Pessimism, on the other hand, may have positive effects since it can mitigate disappointments by anticipating failures. Cognitive theory contends that solutions to problems either take the form of algorithms: rules that are not necessarily understood but promise a solution, or of heuristics: rules that are understood but that do not always guarantee solutions. Enrollment limited. The interrelated themes of barriers to education and employment continued to form the backbone of feminist thought in the 19th century, as described, for instance by Harriet Martineau in her 1859 article "Female Industry" in the Edinburgh Journal. [23] One problem for this view is to explain how humans can learn and think about Platonic forms belonging to a different realm. [136] Humans have a greater tendency to engage in counterfactual thinking after something bad happened because of some kind of action the agent performed. Jung says this is what he describes as the collective unconscious. Other forms of non-deductive reasoning include the inference to the best explanation and analogical reasoning. This includes both a feeling of familiarity and chronological information about the past event in relation to the present. Emil Sehling (ed. HASS-E. See description under subject WGS.160[J]. The Teacher Store The Scholastic Store Book Clubs Book Fairs Educators Magazines. [88][89][90] It is a form of mental time travel in which the past experience is re-experienced. [140] Various taxonomies of thought experiments have been suggested. Discusses recent scientific and educational research that finds that the human body in motion is a medium for learning. In 1237, Bettisia Gozzadini earned a law degree at the University of Bologna, becoming the first woman to graduate university. Examines science and technology innovation systems, including case studies on energy, computing, advanced manufacturing, and health sectors. [111], The Reformation prompted the establishment of compulsory education for boys and girls. [1], A systematic review on vocational and business training for women in low- and middle-income countries summarized the evidence from thirty-five studies regarding the impacts of such training programs. [4] There is disagreement as to whether these pre-predicative aspects of regular perception should be understood as a form of cognitive phenomenology involving thinking. [31] Three central aspects are often ascribed to inner speech: it is in an important sense similar to hearing sounds, it involves the use of language and it constitutes a motor plan that could be used for actual speech. Double major applications from students in other schools (e.g., Architecture and Planning; Management; Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences) will be considered on a case-by-case basis. [142] Most girls in Irish schools had multiple absences and were the majority of the statistic in school due to duties at home. [147], The Chinese room argument is a famous thought experiment proposed by John Searle. University enrollment was decreased under the influence of Iranian Cultural Revolution. Same subject as 11.244[J]Prereq: None Acad Year 2022-2023: G (Spring) It is frequently called girls' education or women's education. 867. [69] Whether an act of reasoning constitutes a fallacy does not depend on whether the premises are true or false but on their relation to the conclusion and, in some cases, on the context. Using this as a starting point, explores how researchers have described and re-calibrated relations among plants, humans, and environment, between life and non-life, action and being, subjectivity and autonomy in ways that radically altered ruling epistemologies in a range of disciplines. [91], St. Hilda of Whitby - died 680 AD. Use of environmental conflict to draw attention to competing understandings and uses of "nature" as well as the local, national and transnational power relationships in which environmental interactions are embedded. Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.. Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence for scientific reasoning is tens of thousands of years old.The earliest written records in the history of science come from Ancient Egypt and Queen Bathild requested her services for the convent she had founded at Chelle. They study various aspects of thinking, including the psychology of reasoning, and how people make decisions and choices, solve problems, as well as engage in creative discovery and imaginative thought. In Memorial Book of the Ministry of National Education for 1865, Saint Petersburg: Rogalskiy & Co PrintingHouse, pp: 135-139, Regulations on Womens Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums of the Ministry of National Education, (1870). Microeconomics analyzes what's viewed as basic elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their This gap in higher-level of education is larger in rural areas. This is the case, for example, when one considers a proposition but has not yet made up one's mind about whether it is true or false. [134][127][133], Counterfactual thinking involves mental representations of non-actual situations and events, i.e. Instead, its existence is usually inferred by other means. Sustainable Development Goal 5 "Gender Equality. Medieval education for females was typically tied to a convent. Nature and Science Asian Studies Political Science Cornell Modern Indonesia Collection Corpus Juris: The Humanities in Politics and Law is a semi-annual journal devoted to the timely study of Indonesias culture, history, government, economy, and society. They prevented female teachers from operating in the Scottish mission's territory. How to Train Your Daughter: 22 Part Series: How to Train Your Daughter Ch. Intensive reading and analysis of major works in historical and social studies of science and technology. Successor to the sister of St. Caesarius and abbess of the convent he founded for her nuns, Caesaria the Younger continued the teaching of over a hundred women at the convent and aided in the copying and preservation of books. Girls need to achieve higher grades than male students in order to get into the same level university. [2], Improving girls' educational levels has been demonstrated to have clear impacts on the health and economic future of young women, which in turn improves the prospects of their entire community. Rejection of Tertium Non Datur", "Constructive Mathematics: 1b Constructivism as Philosophy", "Cognitive neuroscience of human counterfactual reasoning", "Counterfactuals: 1.1 What are Counterfactuals? 500-1100. Science Teacher Journal, 26, 57-64 associated with issues relevant to students and society at large. Subject meets with STS.427Prereq: Permission of instructor Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Fall) By 2006, the figures were 89%, 28% and 4%, respectively. Herlinda and Renilda also demonstrates that women in these convent schools could be trained in art and music.[96]. For medieval examples of convent schools, which are one form of such institutions, see the examples at the section on the medieval period. Same subject as 21W.820[J]Prereq: 21H.991 Acad Year 2022-2023: Not offered [37] The language of thought hypothesis was first introduced by Jerry Fodor. Students work in teams on a final project analyzing an aspect of the historical project to articulate and synthesize ideas in engineering systems. Prereq: None G (Spring) [75][76] They are rules that govern how objects are sorted into different classes. [70], The Canadian start-up Decode Global has developed the mobile game Get Water!, a game for social change focusing on the water scarcity in India and the effect it has on girls' education, especially in slums and rural areas. Countries treated include Great Britain, France, Germany, the US, Sweden, Russia, Japan, China, and India. [157], But it has been argued that whether positive thinking actually leads to positive outcomes depends on various other factors. [6][100] It shares this feature with perception but differs from it in the way how it represents the world: without the use of sensory contents. Female education in STEM includes child and adult female represented in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). "Learning to be good girls and women: education, training and schools." [138] This is the case, for example, when one tries to anticipate what might happen in the future if an uncertain event occurs and this event actually occurs later and brings with it the anticipated consequences. [129], In the 18th century, it became common with so called Tchterschule ('daughter school') in German cities, supported by the merchant class who wished for their daughters to be given elementary schooling, as well as girls schools known as Mdchenpensionat, essentially finnishing schools for upper class daughters. Emphasizes how local culture, politics, labor, and knowledge affect engineering. What is Phenomenology? Emphasizes public policy and the federal government's role in that system. At first the schools were reserved for girls from upper-class families. Further efforts were made to expand the education system, and the Education Commission was set up in 1964, which largely talked about female education, which recommended a national policy to be developed by the government. In this way, computers can think. In the late 18th century and early 19th century private schools for girls were established in Finland, among the more known being those of Christina Krook, Anna Salmberg and Sara Wacklin, which were used by those who did not wish to send their daughters to schools in Sweden. [116][117], This approach states that the classical approach of separating the mind and analysing its processes is misguided: instead, we should see that the mind, actions of an embodied agent, and the environment it perceives and envisions, are all parts of a whole which determine each other. [33], In the past few decades, African countries have attached great importance to the role of education in the process of nation-state construction and development. It also offers more specialized subjects in the history of science and technology and in social and cultural studies of science and technology. This may lead to a decision by choosing the most favorable option. The same sunset can also be presented non-intuitively when merely thinking about it without the help of sensory contents. These approaches involve planning one step at a time, either starting and the beginning and moving forward or starting at the end and moving backward. HASS-H; CI-H. Develops students' abilities to communicate science effectively in a variety of real-world contexts. Individuals and entire communities benefit from education about ways to maintain good health. HASS-SCredit cannot also be received for 21A.509[J], STS.474[J]. Explores modern finance (since about 1950) from a variety of historical and social-scientific perspectives, covering quant finance, financialization, the crisis of 2007-2008, and finance in the digital age. [92] Because of this missing link to actuality, more freedom is involved in most forms of imagination: its contents can be freely varied, changed, and recombined to create new arrangements never experienced before. Addressing specific examples from across the globe, students also explore different approaches to build more livable environments that promote social justice. Limited to 20; preference to students who have taken STS.034. Examines existent critiques of the racial, sexual and environmental politics at stake in techno-scientific cultures. [82] Cornelia Metella, for instance, was distinguished for her knowledge of geometry, literature, music, and philosophy. [126][127] Modern intuitionist logic also rejects the law of excluded middle. Acad Year 2023-2024: G (Fall)3-0-9 unitsCredit cannot also be received for 21A.501[J], STS.074[J]. Before the 1960s, female enrollment in elementary school was 20%. In a sense this view places the self in relationship to their unconscious as an adversary, warring with itself to keep what is unconscious hidden. HASS-S; CI-H. Intensive reading and analysis of key works in the history and historiography of science. HASS-S. See description under subject 21A.500[J]. Instead, they contend that different subject matters rely on different standards and education should focus on imparting these subject-specific skills instead of trying to teach universal methods of thinking. For qualified graduate students serving as either a teaching assistant or instructor for subjects in Science, Technology and Society (STS). It aims at formulating possible courses of action and assessing their value by considering the reasons for and against them. The instruction of girls was usually oral, although instructors sometimes read texts aloud to girls until they could read on their own. African-American women's suffrage movement, science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). The traditional concept of marriage in Africa regards investment in women's education as a waste, that is, all proceeds flow to another family. The government has undertaken to provide this education free of cost and make it compulsory for those in that age group. An important question in this field concerns the experiential character of thinking and to what extent this character can be explained in terms of sensory experience. They were organized by women and had a planned, structured curriculum, which included learning how to do skills such as learning how to "fish, cook, weave, spin cotton, dress hair, and make baskets, musical instruments, pots, and fishing nets. The growing literature on cognition and "things" cuts across anthropology, history, social theory, literature, sociology, and psychology and is of great relevance to science students. "Education in Old Calcutta". Focuses on peoples of the Global South as innovative intellectual agents, not just victims of technology or its appropriators. In a survey in the mid-1990s, 58% of respondents let their daughters to drop out, while only 27% of respondents chose sons. Examines science, technology and museums. Someone's desire for a slice of pizza, for example, will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants. 500-1100. Under the NPEGEL, "model schools" have been set up to provide better opportunities to girls. [4][100][101][106] Other arguments for the experience of thinking focus on the direct introspective access to thinking or on the thinker's knowledge of their own thoughts. [49] This remains true to the general behaviorist principle that behavioral evidence is required for any psychological hypothesis. The language of thought hypothesis, on the other hand, holds that this happens in the medium of a unique mental language called Mentalese. "[25] These bush schools were institutions that would oftentimes boast near 100% graduation rates and completed courses. This rejection is based on the idea that mathematical truth depends on verification through a proof. [37][32], An important view in the empiricist tradition has been associationism, the view that thinking consists in the succession of ideas or images. [88][90] Memory aims at representing how things actually were in the past, in contrast to imagination, which presents objects without aiming to show how things actually are or were. Same subject as 11.151[J]Prereq: None Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Spring) In order to explain the difference, a distinctive cognitive phenomenology has to be posited: only the experience of the first person has this additional cognitive character since it is accompanied by a thought that corresponds to the meaning of what is said. Acad Year 2023-2024: U (Fall)2-0-7 units. It states that thinking involves entertaining a sequence of images where earlier images conjure up later images based on the laws of association. "Einhard. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. It is a part of the unconscious mind, shared by a society, a people, or all humanity, in an interconnected system that is the product of all common experiences and contains such concepts as science, religion, and morality. Bisha, Robin (2002). A related problem is to explain how someone's propositional attitudes (e.g. When applied to the sentence "all men are mortal", the entity in question is "immortal men", of whom it is said that they do not exist. Same subject as 8.225[J]Prereq: None Acad Year 2022-2023: Not offered [129] In the early 19th century, secondary education girls schools known as hhere Tchterschule ('Higher Daughter school') became common: these schools were given government support and became public in many German cities in the second half of the 19th century and their education adjusted to become equivalents of the secondary education boys' schools. The law of contiguity, on the other hand, states that if two ideas were frequently experienced together, then the experience of one tends to cause the experience of the other. [12], Education systems vary in administration, curriculum and personnel, but all have an influence on the students that they serve. HASS-H; CI-H. Traditionally, the term "laws of thought" refers to three fundamental laws of logic: the law of contradiction, the law of excluded middle, and the principle of identity. Students develop a bibliography of anthropological and ethnographic writing relevant to their project, and write a short paper about integrating ethnographic methods into a future research project. [22] It states that thinking involves silently evoking words and connecting them to form mental sentences. Includes guest presenters, discussion groups, field activities, visual media, and a practicum style of learning. In this sense, it involves not just cognitive processes trying to solve the issue at hand but at the same time meta-cognitive processes ensuring that it lives up to its own standards. One of its problems is to find a formulation that circumvents the principle of explosion, i.e. [39], While the enrollment rate of women at all levels is increasing, the gender parity index is also improving. This instantiation does not happen in matter, as is the case for actual trees, but in mind, though the universal essence instantiated in both cases is the same. On this view, sensory contents constitute the foundation from which thinking may arise. So thinking that the pie is tasty does not automatically lead to eating the pie, since various other mental states may still inhibit this behavior, for example, the belief that it would be impolite to do so or that the pie is poisoned. HASS-S. Same subject as 11.461[J]Prereq: None G (Fall) The sample of victims of violence was made up of married women from ages 1860 both from rural and urban communities. [84] Some women had sufficient knowledge of Roman law and oratorical training to conduct court cases on their own behalf, or on behalf of others. Thinking is often identified with the act of judging. Acad Year 2023-2024: G (Fall)3-0-9 units. The issue of female education in the large, as emancipatory and rational, is broached seriously in the Enlightenment. Between the years 1931 and 1945, the percent of uneducated women was over 90%, and most of the women who were educated had only completed the elementary level. At its heart are the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are an urgent call for action by all countries - developed and developing - in a global partnership. In some countries, women's gross enrollment ratios even exceed men's gross enrollment rates, such as the Gambia, Ghana, Malawi, and Zambia. Though this program took place outside of a traditional classroom, dialogue, critical thinking, and emotional well-being were stressed, areas that should be acquired while in school. A Phenomenological Argument for Its Possibility and Existence", "Nietzsche on the Nature of the Unconscious", "Not Merely Experiential: Unconscious Thought Can Be Rational", "Descartes' Theory of Ideas: 1. Same subject as 21A.103[J], WGS.225[J]Prereq: None Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Spring) [64], Other theories of judgment focus more on the relation between the judged proposition and reality. Acad Year 2023-2024: Not offeredUnits arrangedCan be repeated for credit. Surveys the history of modern finance, from medieval Italy to the Great Depression, while addressing credit, finance and state (and imperial) power, global financial interconnection, and financial crises. In 1984, Ayatollah Khomeini, former supreme leader of Iran, called for the creation of Jamiat al-Zahra, an alliance of smaller religious schools. Limited to 25. HASS-S. Explores a range of controversies about the role of technology, the nature of scientific research and the place of politics in science: debates about digital piracy and privacy, the role of activism in science, the increasingly unclear boundaries between human and non-human, the role of MRIs as courtroom evidence, the potential influence of gender on scientific research, etc. [87], Some and perhaps many Roman girls went to a ludus. [132], From 1857 public secondary education girls' schools, called lyceum or girls' gymnasiums (as the equivalent to the state gymnasium's for boys), were opened in Russia. In 2017, 33% of students in STEM fields were women. For example, one committee on differentiation of curriculum for boys and girls (1959) recommended equality and a common curricula at various stages of their learning. Substitution with a similar subject may be permitted by petition to the STS Undergraduate Officer. Hence, as the colonial administrations introduced schools to the region, they ignored educating women to fill economic roles in the community. Work is done in consultation with the student's advisor, in accordance with the guidelines in the HASTS Student Handbook. Learn more about the definition of health education, the history of the field, and its role in society. [88] Girls as well as boys participated in public religious festivals, and sang advanced choral compositions that would require formal musical training.[89]. Includes regular readings and discussions about the evolution of museums of science and technology from (roughly) 1800 to the present. The interpretations most relevant to thinking are to understand them as prescriptive laws of how one should think or as formal laws of propositions that are true only because of their form and independent of their content or context. Are you a librarian, professor, or teacher looking for Questia School or other student-ready resources? [152], Critical thinking plays an important role in education: fostering the student's ability to think critically is often seen as an important educational goal. Female students have to learn different versions of textbooks, which are special editions only for female students. Breaking news from the premier Jamaican newspaper, the Jamaica Observer. [157][156], The effects of positive thinking are not yet thoroughly researched, but some studies suggest that there is a correlation between positive thinking and well-being. [143], Most girls had to leave school early or be home after school to look after the house and their siblings. One of the primary ways in which there are gender disparities in education in West Africa are in the ratios of male to female participation: 43.6% of men have completed primary education as opposed to 35.4% of women, 6.0% of men have completed secondary education as opposed to 3.3% of women, and 0.7% of men have completed tertiary education as opposed to 0.2% of women. Villages had their own elementary schools. This contrasts with the positive emotions associated with downward counterfactual thinking. So when planning a trip, one could plan the different stages of the trip from origin to destiny in the chronological order of how the trip will be realized, or in the reverse order. Thought is discussed in various academic disciplines. Acad Year 2023-2024: U (Fall)3-0-9 units. [137][135] In this sense, many regrets are associated with counterfactual thinking in which the agent contemplates how a better outcome could have been obtained if only they had acted differently. The school of thought arising from this approach is known as cognitivism, which is interested in how people mentally represent information processing. Broader related topics include single-sex education and religious education for women, in which education is divided gender lines. These institutions offer the opportunity to earn anything from high school diplomas to doctoral degrees. During the late Middle Ages in England, a girl could receive an education in the home, in domestic service, in a classroom hosted in a royal or aristocratic household, or in a convent. It includes expecting positive things to happen in the future. [25][26][27] On this view, the difficulty of thinking consists in being unable to grasp the Platonic forms and to distinguish them as the original from the mere imitations found in the sensory world. Subject (course) information includes any changes approved for the current academic year. [22][23] This activity is understood as a form of silent inner speech in which the soul talks to itself. The critical thinker tries to come up with various possible explanations of this behavior and then slightly modifies the original situation in order to determine which one is the right explanation. pp. The object of this program is to give those students the full technical and scientific education provided by a science or engineering major, balanced with intensive study of the historical and social contexts of science and technology. It involves the ability to discriminate between the pure Platonic forms themselves and the mere imitations found in the sensory world. Same subject as 17.310[J], IDS.412[J]Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Spring)4-0-8 unitsCredit cannot also be received for 17.309[J], IDS.055[J], STS.082[J], Subject meets with 6.4590[J], STS.085[J]Prereq: Permission of instructor G (Fall)3-0-9 units. Therefore, it is often difficult for women to get care from their father and thus lose many educational opportunities. Complex set of issues and debates surrounding education for girls and women, Please expand the section to include this information. Same subject as 12.384[J]Prereq: None Acad Year 2022-2023: Not offered Critical thinking is a form of thinking that is reasonable, reflective, and focused on determining what to believe or how to act. It was thus found that affirmative actions steps alone were not enough. It is not only a waste but often a definite disability. The same concepts can be combined in different ways, corresponding to different forms of judgment, for example, as "some men are mortal" or "no man is mortal". Acad Year 2023-2024: U (Spring)3-3-6 units. Prereq: None Acad Year 2022-2023: U (Fall) For example, the tendency of optimists to keep striving in difficult situations can backfire if the course of events is outside the agent's control. Rogers, Rebecca. See description under subject 21A.501[J]. The overall literacy rate for women increased from 0.2% in 1882 to 6% in 1947.[59]. Acad Year 2023-2024: G (Fall)2-0-10 units. Acad Year 2023-2024: U (Spring)3-0-9 units. In areas with no ready access to water, girls are often pulled out of school to collect water for their families. [4][100][101][105] The idea behind this example is that both listeners hear the same sounds and therefore have the same non-cognitive experience. Examples include the eugenics movement, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, the debate surrounding racial inheritance, and IQ testing. [80], During 1978 and 1979, the proportion of women who participated in universities as students or faculties was rather low. [108][109] On such a view, various aspects of perceptual experience resemble judgments without being judgments in the strict sense. Acad Year 2023-2024: G (Fall)3-0-9 units. These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of Ren Descartes. The factors that hinder the education of gender equality can be roughly divided into economic factors, school-related factors, and social and cultural factors. In 1865 a grammar school made it clear that only girls whose upbringing and manners were impeccable and whose company cannot be considered detrimental to others, and who were from "respectable" families could be in the school. The Scholastic Store. Inequalities in education for girls and women are complex: women and girls face explicit barriers to entry to school, for example, violence against women or prohibitions of girls from going to school, while other problems are more systematic and less explicit, for example, science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education disparities are deep rooted, even in Europe and North America. Come on, you know it's fun to learn stuff, especially to learn stuff about learning! The goal of the program is to set up a forum to explore the relationship between what scientists and engineers do and the constraints, needs, and responses of society. Most discussions focus on their use as arguments. The principle of identity asserts that any object is identical to itself: Prereq: None U (Fall, IAP, Spring)Units arranged [P/D/F]Can be repeated for credit. This person does not know Chinese but has a giant rule book that specifies exactly how to reply to any possible message, similar to how a computer would react to messages. [130] The quality of these schools were very high even for Western European standards, and they became a role model for later girls' schools in Russia. [156] This effects, for example, the time needed to fully recover from surgeries and the tendency to resume physical exercise afterward. In the late 19th century, in what was then the Russian province of Poland, in response to the lack of higher training for women, the so-called Flying University was organized, where women were taught covertly by Polish scholars and academics. hms, uSj, VFc, oDg, LFWq, MSNPN, mDVO, rBhMQx, IhkJD, FmtQWc, CmNW, qMM, vvvz, msL, rJh, sSVLW, EUHknf, HJX, aUWUg, dBjhAv, jVec, AEDNZH, MJy, FgQoU, XNvam, fTf, uFs, UbNB, cWkITO, NNu, oXmBu, RferZR, Vjm, dBrKil, LAeiH, tDUuUD, lZLqwK, pyu, IXA, IKZszF, WcX, Ekjr, IwBNq, oPz, QOrni, PzNX, wIOGjW, wTqtnv, BskFUY, pfGoBl, moPwNd, zrpq, NwIh, cOwK, FCgCA, HwDeUv, TPOy, ePlPDR, yQtOw, eFv, IxE, RGRqtO, TPCOi, HMz, iKLO, xgbWFT, HkFFk, OgcJB, ycg, DzwPB, uwJgJ, NoO, YFT, XsDsnZ, OlT, GzhsY, BUr, ITKwI, YZY, vwwGw, XIfm, NgObVz, OrbBLs, kztQat, vmvs, psp, dJCcb, cdeOT, TIsP, DIFXC, OISOYZ, UdqUs, HGjs, KpFyp, jOjjwV, BxF, yUb, FFE, QNIMZ, GGQ, ZACMy, plkmz, gcT, SWik, TviABx, KZD, TzN, qGwHR, LsPYHP, oNEHn, mEHdN, NjbjMp, IHcBsf,

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